Published 2023-11-15

Smoking

The US FMD registry reported that patients with FMD who had a history of smoking had a significantly higher incidence of aneurysms than those who had never smoked, and there was a trend towards an increased incidence of major vascular events in smokers. In the Polish ARCADIA-POL study, there was no relationship between smoking and the occurrence of FMD. Currently, smoking cannot be related to the development of FMD.

Exposure to endogenous or exogenous female hormones

Although the disease is much more common in women than in men, no clear causal relationship has been identified in people who have used oral contraceptives or other exogenous female hormones. Preliminary study results suggest that progesterone may also play a role in the pathogenesis of FMD, but this needs to be documented in other studies.